R01   C. Gordon Bell, J. Craig Mudge, and John E. McNamara, Computer Engineering
         – A DEC View of Hardware Systems Design
, Digital Equipment Corporation, 1978
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R02.  J. Hayes, Computer Architecture and Organization, McGraw-Hill, 1978.

R03.  Vincent P. Heuring and Harry F. Jordan, Computer Systems Design and Architecture,
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R04   Daniel P. Siewiorek, C. Gordon Bell, and Allen Newell, Computer Structures:
         Principles and Examples
, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1982
         ISBN 0 – 07 – 057302 – 6

R05   William Stallings, Reduced Instruction Set Computers, An IEEE Tutorial
         The Computer Society Press, IEEE Computer Society, Loc Vaqueros CA, 1986
         IEEE Catalog Number 86 – 45871, ISBN 0 – 8186 – 0713 – 0

R06   William Stallings, Computer Organization and Architecture: Designing for
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R07.  Encyclopedia Britannica, 1946.

R08.  The Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford (England),
         1989.
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R09.  Paul E. Ceruzzi, Reckoners: The Prehistory of the Digital Computer, from Relays to the
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R10.  The Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1933.

R11.  Readings in Computer Architecture, edited by Mark D. Hill, Norman P. Jouppi, and
         Gurindar S. Sohi, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 2000, ISBN 1 – 55860 – 539 – 8.

R12      Introduction to Minicomputer Networks, Digital Equipment Corporation, 1971

R13      PDP – 11 Peripherals and Interfacing Handbook, Digital Equipment Corporation,
             1971

R14      PDP – 11 Peripherals Handbook, Digital Equipment Corporation, 1976

R15      Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Structured Computer Organization, (Fifth Edition,
             published by Pearson/Prentice–Hall in 2006; ISBN 0 – 13 – 148521 – 0.

R16      Miles J. Murdocca and Vincent P. Heuring, Principles of Computer Architecture,
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R46      C. J. Bashe, W. Buchholz, et. al., The Architecture of IBM’s Early Computers,
             IBM J. Research & Development, Vol. 25(5), pages 363 –  376, September 1981.

R50     P. M. Davies, Readings in Microprogramming, IBM Systems Journal, 1972
            (Number 1), pages 16 – 40.

R51     S. G. Tucker, Microprogram Control for System/360, IBM Systems Journal,
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R56      Articles on pages 18 and 50 of Computerworld, February 20, 2006

R57     G. M. Amdahl, G. A. Blaauw, and F. P. Brooks, Architecture of the IBM|
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R58     J. S. Liptay, Structural Aspects of the System/360 Model 85, Part II: The Cache,
            IBM Systems Journal, 7(1), 15 – 21, 1968,
            Reprinted in Readings in Computer Architecture, edited by Mark D. Hill [R11].

R60     John L. Hennessy and David A. Patterson, Computer Architecture: A Quantitative
            Approach
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R61     S. Mazor, The History of the Microcomputer – Invention and Evolution, Proceedings
            of the IEEE, pp. 1601 – 1607, Dec. 1995.  Reprinted in R11.

R62     M.A. McCormack, T.T. Schansman, and K.K. Womack, "1401 Compatibility
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R63     S.G. Tucker, "Emulation of Large Systems," Communications of the ACM,
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R64     Doug Abbot, PCI Bus Demystified, Elsevier, 2004, ISBN 0 – 7506 – 7739 – 2.

R65     Randal E. Bryant & David R. O’Hallaron, Computer Systems, A Programmer’s
            Perspective
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R66     John D. Carpinelli, Computer Systems, Organization & Architecture,
            Addison Wesley Longman, 2001, ISBN 0 – 201 – 61253 – 4.

R67     Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic, and Safwat Zaky; Computer Organization,
            McGraw Hill, 2002, ISBN 978 – 0 – 07 – 232086 – 2.


 

R68     David B. Kirk & Wen–mei W. Hwu, Programming Massively Parallel
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R69     Betty Prince, High Performance Memories: New Architecture DRAMs and
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R70     Tom Shanley & Don Anderson, ISA System Architecture, Addison–Wesley,
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R71     Ton Shanley & Don Anderson, PCI System Architecture, Addison–Wesley,
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R72     Sajjan G. Shiva, Computer Design & Architecture, Harper Collins, 1991,
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R73     Rob Williams, Computer Systems Architecture: A Networking Approach,
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R78     Denning, P., “The Working Set Model for Program Behavior”, Communications
            of the ACM, May 1968.

R79     Jonathan G. Koomey, Stephen Berard, Marla Sanchez, & Henry Wong;
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R80     David A. Patterson & John L. Hennessy, Computer Organization and Design:
            The Hardware/Software Interface
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R81     Katherine Yelick, Multicore: Fallout of a Hardware Revolution.

R82     Tahir Ghani (Intel Fellow, Logic Technology Development), Challenges and
            Innovations in Nano–CMOS Transistor Scaling
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R84     Intel White Paper “Solving Power and Cooling Challenges for High Performance”,
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R85     Geoff Koch, Intel’s Road to Multi–Core Chip Architecture, 2006.

R91     The Datasheet (2gbddr2.pdf – Rev F 12/10 EN) for the Micron DDR2 Memory Chip
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R98     C. D. Mee and E. D. Daniel, editors. 1996. Magnetic Recording Technology,
            McGraw–Hill, 1996.

R99     Bruce Jacob, Spencer W. Ng, and David T. Wang, Memory Systems: Cache, DRAM,
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R102   Douglas E. Comer, Computer Networks and Internets with Internet Applications,
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R103   Douglas E. Comer and David L. Stevens, Internetworking with TCP/IP: Volume II
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R104   David A. Patterson, Reduced Instruction Set Computers, Communications of the
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R106   Cray–1 Computer System Hardware Reference Manual
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R107   R. M. Russell, The Cray–1 computer system, Communications of the ACM,
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R108   Kai Hwang, Evolution of Modern Supercomputers, the introduction to Chapter 1 in
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R109   Harold S. Stone, High–Performance Computer Architecture,
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R110   John Paul Shen and Mikko H. Lipasti, Modern Processor Design: Fundamentals of
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R111   W. A. Wulf and S. P. Harbison, Reflections in a pool of processors / An
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R112   Robert J. Baron and Lee Higbie, Computer Architecture,
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R27      http://www.kerryr.net/pioneers/stibitz.htm

R28     http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h96000/h96566kc.htm

R29     http://www.yorku.ca/sasit/sts/sts3700b/lecture17a.html

R30     http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/Zuse.html

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R32     http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/do_Atanasoff.html

R33     http://www.cs.virginia.edu/brochure/museum.html

R34     http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/ENIAC.Richey.html

R35     http://www.ee.upenn.edu/~jan/eniacproj.html

R36     http://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/plugboard.html

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R41     http://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/650.html

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R49     http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_360

R52     http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_microprocessors

R53     http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photolithography

R54     http://www.cray.com/about_cray/history.html

R55     http://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/

R59     http://www.webmythology.com/VAXhistory.htm

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R75     Shehzaad Kaka (National Institute of Standards and Technology): Past, Present, and
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R76     http://www.mram-info.com/

R77     David Patterson, EECS 252 Graduate Computer Architecture (Lecture 4 – Memory
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R83     http://www.cray.com/Assets/PDF/products/xk/CrayXK6Brochure.pdf

R86     http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-core_processor

R87     http://www.pcper.com/reviews/Processors/Intel-Shows-48-core-x86-Processor-
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R88     http://techfreep.com/intel-80-cores-by-2011.htm

R89     http://www.micron.com/partscatalog.html?
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R92     http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Channel_architecture, accessed July 4, 2011.

R93     http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express, November 1, 2010

R94     http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Differential_Signaling.png, November 1, 2010

R95     http://www.interfacebus.com/Design_Connector_RS422.html,November 1, 2010

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R105   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPS_architecture, accessed July 11, 2011.

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R114   http://www.dell.com, accessed July 12, 2011.

R115   http://www.nccs.gov/jaguar/, accessed July 12, 2011.